Relationship Between Diabetic Retinopathy and Diabetic Nephropathy;a Longitudinal Follow-up Study from Karachi Pakistan good book to read, this promoted by in the year 2017 is very recommended for you if you find book quote . good book to read, this writed by Mustafa Nida, with count of page Pages. you can see book description at here
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BackgroundThe retina and the kidney complications of diabetes mellitus both result from damage to small vessels in these organs. These diabetic microvascular complications may have devastating consequences, including blindness and end-stage renal disease. Some authors have identified associations between the complications themselves, and one complication can serve as a risk factor for another.ObjectiveTo determine the risk factors for and relationship between diabetic retinopathy and diabetic nephropathy. MethodologyThis retrospective longitudinal follow up study was conducted in outpatient department of Baqai Institute of Diabetology and Endocrinology (BIDE), a tertiary care diabetes unit of Karachi Pakistan from January 2005 to December 2018. Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the institutional review board (IRB) of BIDE. Newly diagnosed diabetic nephropathy (DN) subjects and sex-age matched controls were identified from the electronic database of the institute, Health Management System (HMS). Subjects with type 1 diabetes, gestational diabetes and subjects with diabetic retinopathy (DR) at the baseline of both DN and non-DN group were excluded from the study. Diagnosis of nephropathy was based on the findings of urinary albumin in urine detailed report, urinary micro albumin and 24 hoursu2019 urine for protein and creatinine clearance. Retinopathy was labelled on finding the diagnostic signs of retinopathy on eye exam i.e., development of pre-proliferative & proliferative retinopathy, macular edema or diabetes-related blindness by direct fundoscopy. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS version 20 and STATA version 14. ResultOut of 3056 type 2 diabetic subjects, 2389 were with DN and 667 were without DN. The incidence of retinopathy was found to be 21.7 per 1000 person years. The incidence rate ratio (IRR) of 2.57(1.92-3.43) shows that retinopathy was significantly higher in subjects with DN as compared to subjects without DN. Kaplan-Meier survival plot confirmed that subjects with DN had a worse diabetic retinopathy-free survival than subjects without DN.ConclusionDiabetic nephropathy is an independent risk factor for the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy.
Relationship Between Diabetic Retinopathy and Diabetic Nephropathy;a Longitudinal Follow-up Study from Karachi Pakistan
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